Traffic Monitoring Using Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Sensors: A Systematic Review

Abstract: In the transformation of urban paradigms, Information, Knowledge, and Digital Technologies play a crucial role, especially through the implementation of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) to improve urban mobility and sustainability. Bluetooth (BT) and Wi-Fi technologies have emerged as affordable and non-intrusive tools for real-time traffic surveillance, prompting extensive research in traffic studies utilising these technologies. Recognizing the need for a comprehensive review, a systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and SPIDER search analysis focussing on traffic studies utilising Wi-Fi and BT-based sensors for vehicle detection and traffic monitoring. From an initial pool of 202 studies, 76 directly relevant studies and 55 cross-referenced studies were selected after rigorous screening. The review highlights the advantages of Wi-Fi and BT-based sensors over other technologies, their architecture, reidentification principles, device types, and data extraction methods. It also identifies challenges and limitations associated with these technologies. Furthermore, the review highlights the importance of addressing specific gaps such as multi-sensor data fusion, refining data analytics methodologies, addressing privacy concerns, and exploring innovative applications to further enhance the efficacy of traffic monitoring in shaping sustainable and efficient urban mobility solutions.The synergy between technological innovation and research-driven insights holds the key to navigate the complex challenges of modern urban transportation.