Optimizing Alerts in 511 Traveler Information Apps: Insights from Simulator and Eye Tracking Study

Abstract: Traveler information systems, such as 511, are essential for delivering timely and accurate information to drivers. As many states have transitioned their 511 systems into mobile apps, the effectiveness of these apps in providing precise and reliable information remains a critical advantage over (or in addition to) commercial navigation apps. This is particularly the case in sparsely populated areas where crowdsourced data may be inaccurate or unavailable. Although 511 apps share some features with commercial navigation apps, there are notable differences. Unlike their commercial counterparts, 511 apps do not offer turn-by-turn navigation; instead, their primary focus is on delivering information about incidents, closures, and work zones. Despite their importance, little research has been conducted on how alerts in traveler information apps should be designed to optimize driver response. This study addresses this gap by investigating driver reactions to various types of alerts. Using a driving simulator, combined with eye-tracking glasses and post-study questionnaires, we explored how different alert types (i.e., messaging and timing) influenced driver behavior. Results suggest that drivers prefer alerts that are clear, provide actionable statements, and are delivered at sufficient distances for safe response. Additionally, the inclusion of explicit action statements significantly improves reaction times. These findings offer valuable insights for the development of safer, more effective alert systems in traveler information apps, ultimately enhancing driver safety and decision-making in real-time traffic situations.